PWM what is it? PWM is the abbreviation of Pulse-Width Modulation. PWM is a method of reducing the average power delivered by an electrical signal. This is done by switching it on or off in discrete time intervals at a fast rate. The longer the signal is on compared to the off periods, the higher […]

In this tutorial we will look at the usage of Infra Red light for sensing applications. Detecting the proximity of a person or object is simple using an Infra Red (IR) transmitter and receiver. You can use them as “optical gate” (detecting the interruption of the beam) or in reflective mode (detection reflection of the […]

When soldering a circuit, it is almost inevitable to make mistakes or make connections where there should not be one. Also when using circuits, components may break and need replacement. That means there is a need to repair soldered connections. In this tutorial we will explain a few of the most common tools and their […]

This tutorial has been especially created to accompany the starterskit containing a Teensy microcontroller. It will cover most of the basic skills and help to get you started with electronics. During this tutorial you will be creating an interactive light; responding to approaching objects. It advisable to work in small teams. note: The Teensy is […]

This tutorial has been especially created to accompany the starterskit containing an Arduino Uno microcontroller. It will cover most of the basic skills and help to get you started with electronics. During this tutorial you will be creating an interactive light; responding to approaching objects. It advisable to work in small teams. note: Before you […]

In this tutorial we will explore the use of finite state machines by looking at an example. The example we will use is a railway crossing. Main focus is this tutorial is to develop the code by using finite state machines as much as possible. In that way the advantages of using them becomes clear. […]

This tutorial describes in short how to use the TTI lab power supply. But the information is also applicable for other DC power supplies. Features of the power supply. The lab power supply gives an adjustable stabilized DC (direct current; Dutch: ‘gelijkspanning’) output voltage between the specified range (e.g. 0 and 30 V DC). The […]

A voltage divider is a circuit that produces an output voltage (Vout) that is a fraction of its input voltage (Vin). Voltage division is the result of distributing the input voltage among the components of the divider. When calculating with impedance the principle is valid of any combination of two resistors, capacitors, and inductors. In […]

An open source alternative to Eagle for designing Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) is KiCad. KiCad is free to download without limitations like the freeware version of Eagle and available for various operating systems.